A mobile mapping solution for VRU Infrastructure monitoring via low-cost LiDAR-sensors

ABSTRACTLiDAR scanning is a widely-used method for accurately assessing roads and vehicular infrastructure. However, it can be costly often overlooks infrastructure important Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) like pedestrians cyclists. Advances in electronics now permit high-performance LiDAR sensors made of standard semiconductor materials to integrated into personal devices smartphones tablets. This study introduces new classification category handheld systems the purpose VRU mapping on smaller scale. Qualitative experiments using system were conducted achieve low-cost mobile The 3D Scanner App facilitated detailed qualitative point cloud generation at low speeds. Moreover, demonstrated precise detection perpendicular potholes bumps roads. A quantitative analysis based several damages was performed, revealing mean average percentage errors 3.53%, 4.43%, 10.57% x-, y-, z-directions, respectively. While accuracy x- y-directions acceptable, higher z-direction error indicates overestimation infrastructural damage depth. In conclusion, sensor's capabilities enable cost-effective solutions monitoring, such as crowd-sourcing urban data mining digital twin interfaces, significantly reducing expenses compared traditional sensors.KEYWORDS: Low-cost Sensorhandheld systemVRU mappingmobile mappingUrban AcknowledgmentsThe authors confirm their contribution this follows:All reviewed results approved final version manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict interest reported by author(s).